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Understanding the Health Effects of Smoking
The World Health Organization defines smoking as “smoking any form of tobacco, including cigarettes, cigars, pipes, etc. and excluding smokeless tobacco.” In their recent studies they have stated that over 5 million people die each year from the use of tobacco products. The reason for this is the high quantity of chemicals that is absorbed into the body when these products are used.
The average cigarette contains releases over 4000 of these chemicals, 250 of which are harmful to the body, of which at least 50 of them have been proven to be cancer forming. Cancer, heart and lung diseases are the most common ailments associated with smoking, but it is, by no means, restricted to that. Virtually no part of the body is free from the potential harmful effects of smoking.
Types of cancer that have been found to be caused by smoking range from lung and throat cancer to pancreatic and bone marrow cancer. The cancer is caused through the direct absorption of the chemicals into the body which then adversely affect DNA and other genes that later creates the cancerous cells.
Heart disease is more commonly found in smokers than in non-smokers, with an increased chance of suffering from strokes and heart attacks. Chemicals released into the body through smoking, in particular nicotine, constrict the blood flow to the heart by reducing the width of blood vessels. Some of the smaller blood vessels in the human body are found in the heart and brain, and when constricted can no longer transport oxygen to the organ and causes it to fail and thus causing the heart attack or stroke. Read the rest of this entry »
Environmental Impact and Health Effects of Cadmium
Cadmium is a lustrous, silvery-white, ductile, very malleable metal. Its surface has a bluish tinge and the metal is soft enough to be cut with a knife, but it tarnishes in air. It is soluble in acids but not in alkalis. It is similar in many respects to zinc but it forms more complex compounds. About three-fourths of cadmium is used in Ni-Cd batteries, most of the remaining one-fourth is used mainly for pigments, coatings and plating, and as stabilizers for plastics. Cadmium has been used particularly to electroplate steel where a film of cadmium only 0.05 mm thick will provide complete protection against the sea. Cadmium has the ability to absorb neutrons, so it is used as a barrier to control nuclear fission.
Cadmium can mainly be found in the earth’s crust. It always occurs in combination with some offensive metals and consists in the industries as their inevitable by-products. After being applied it enters the environment mainly through the ground, because it is found in manures and pesticides. Naturally a very large amount of cadmium is released into the environment. About half of this cadmium is released into rivers through weathering of rocks and some cadmium is released into air through forest fires and volcanoes. The rest of the cadmium is released through human activities, such as manufacturing. No cadmium ore is mined for the metal, because more than enough is produced as a byproduct of the smelting of zinc from its ore, sphalerite (ZnS), in which CdS is a significant impurity, making up as much as 3%. Consequently, the main mining areas are those associated with zinc.
Cadmium waste streams from the industries mainly end up in soils. The causes of these waste streams are for instance zinc production, phosphate ore implication and bio industrial manure. Cadmium waste streams may also enter the air through (household) waste combustion and burning of fossil fuels. Because of regulations only little cadmium now enters the water through disposal of wastewater from households or industries.
Another important source of cadmium emission is the production of artificial phosphate fertilizers. Part of the cadmium ends up in the soil after the fertilizer is applied on farmland and the rest of the cadmium ends up in surface waters when waste from fertilizer productions is dumped by production companies. Cadmium can be transported over great distances when it is absorbed by sludge. This cadmium-rich sludge can pollute surface waters as well as soils.